知識(shí)點(diǎn)：《cargoes》 收集：權(quán)姨追 編輯：月季姐姐
本知識(shí)點(diǎn)包括：1、cargo和goods有什么區(qū)別? 2、back off與back up 與back down的區(qū)別? 3、以o結(jié)尾變復(fù)數(shù) 4、求篇函電翻譯 5、中譯英，幫我翻譯一下， 。

《cargoes》相關(guān)知識(shí)

cargo ['kɑ:gəu]

n.船貨,貨物

詞形變化:

名詞復(fù)數(shù):cargoes

例句與用法:

How long will the discharge of the cargo take?

卸貨需要多久?

This port handles 100 million tons of cargo each year.

這個(gè)港口每年貨物吞吐量達(dá)1億噸.

The tide had washed up cargo from the wrecked ship.

潮水把遇難船上的貨物沖到了岸邊.

The captured ship and her cargo were condemned.

這艘被俘獲的船及其貨物均被沒收.

The custom impound the whole cargo.

海關(guān)扣押了全部的船貨.

A cargo of steel was lost at sea.

有一貨輪的鋼材在海上遺失了.

The ship is discharging the cargo.

船正在卸貨.

參考思路：

cargoes

知識(shí)拓展：

1： Cargo是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)的,復(fù)數(shù)情況下加不加s?

知識(shí)要點(diǎn)歸納：

能做可數(shù)名詞也能做不可數(shù)名詞,復(fù)數(shù)通常加 es ,但是美國英語 通常加s .

2： 【roof的復(fù)數(shù)形式到底是什么?有人說是roofs也有人說是rooves到底是什么?為什么加S有人說按語法規(guī)則是改成rooves我們老師也說是rooves請(qǐng)確切的說明下明天好去糾正老師的錯(cuò)誤...】

知識(shí)要點(diǎn)歸納：

1.The plural of roof is roofs or rooves."Rooves" is an older form of the word and rarely used these days.Australian children right up to the 1980s,for example,were brought up with the word "rooves" rather than roofs,and it is still an accepted form in Australia today (though uncommon).Also,despite New Zealand English developing from UK English,it should be noted that in NZ,the plural of roof is rooves,in both its written and spoken form.

2.The accepted plural is "roofs".The Oxford English Dictionary lists "rooves" as an alternate,one of several outdated spellings used in the UK,and in New England as late as the 19th century.

語法規(guī)則如4樓所言,不再重復(fù).但根據(jù)上面的資料看,也就是說,兩種拼寫在英語里都可以,只是roofs現(xiàn)在更常見,rooves老外也能明白,屬于過時(shí)的拼法.考試時(shí)應(yīng)該不會(huì)真考這種有爭議的題.練習(xí)還可以接受.

PS：老師也是人,而且語言是很靈活的東西.看得出你是個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)較真兒的人,但向老師指正時(shí)態(tài)度應(yīng)委婉些為好.

3： 英文單詞復(fù)數(shù)形式man-menfoot-feetgoose-geese這些都是什么規(guī)律求更多類似這種改變的單詞

知識(shí)要點(diǎn)歸納：

名詞的詞形變化

1.不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)形式

1）來自古英語的復(fù)數(shù)形式,如：

child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth goose---geese

man---men woman---women mouse---mice louse---lice

ox---oxen penny---pence analysis---analyses appendix---appendices

parenthesis---parentheses basis---bases ellipsis---ellipses

axis---axes hypothesis---hypotheses oasis---oases crisis----crises

criterion---criteria phenomenon---phenomena datum---data medium---media

bacterium---bacteria nucleus---nuclei fungus---fungi stimulus---stimuli

alumnus---alumni focus---foci radius---radii terminus---termini

larva---larvae alga---algae formula---formulae

＃當(dāng)代美國英語中往往把data當(dāng)做單數(shù)用,因此常見到復(fù)數(shù)形式datas.另外,lens是一個(gè)單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式為lenses.

1）詞尾讀音為[f]并以－f或0－fe結(jié)尾的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式有以下幾種情況：

a）規(guī)則形式：

belief---beliefs chief----chiefs cliff----cliffs grief----griefs

b）不規(guī)則形式,即把－f或－fe變成－v,再加－es,讀音為[vz]:

calf---calves half---halves leaf----leaves life----lives

loaf---loaves self---shelves thief---thieves wife---wives

wolf---wolves

c）既可是規(guī)則形式又可是不規(guī)則形式：

dwarf---dwarfs/dwarves hoof---hoofs/hoves

scarf---scarfs/scarves wharf---wharfs/wharves

3）詞干以－o結(jié)尾的名次有三種情況：

a）附屬形式為－s：這類詞包括縮略詞kilos,photos；表示國籍或民族的詞Filipinos,Eskimos以及radios,solos,sopranos,

studios

b）復(fù)數(shù)形式為－es,如：heroes,potatoes,tomatoes,Negroes.

c）復(fù)數(shù)有規(guī)則的和不規(guī)則的兩種形式,如：

cargo---cargos/cargoes mosquito---mosquitos/mosquitoes volcano---volacbos/volcanoes

2.單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞

1）某些動(dòng)物名詞,如：deer,grouse,salmon,trout,carp,bison,sheep等

2）以－ese或－ss結(jié)尾的表示民族或國籍的名詞,如：Chinses,Japanese,Portuguese,Swiss,Vietnamese等

3）某些以－s結(jié)尾的名詞,如：barracks,corps,crossroads,gallows,headquarters,means,series,species,works等

4）某些表示計(jì)量單位的名詞,如：horsepower,hertz,kilohertz,li,mu等

其他一些名詞,如：aircraft,spacercarft,craft,offspring等.其中請(qǐng)?zhí)貏e注意－s結(jié)尾的單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞,它們是考試的重點(diǎn)!

3.不可數(shù)名詞

不可數(shù)名詞前一般不需要加定冠詞,永遠(yuǎn)不能加不定冠詞!

例如下列用法均屬錯(cuò)誤：

the mathematics the banking a cloth an equipment

不可數(shù)名詞作主語,謂語要用單數(shù)形式.

如：Water is important.

但如果不可數(shù)名詞前面被piece,drop,set等詞修飾時(shí),謂語應(yīng)該與piece,drop,set等的單復(fù)數(shù)形式保持一致

例如：Few drops of water are needed to save the flower.

下面是典型的不可數(shù)名詞,是應(yīng)該熟記的!

air,smoke,steam,vapor,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,water,oil,soup,juice,ink,rain,snow,ice,tea,coffee,wine,sunlight,sunshine,

lightning,thunder,weather,darkness,heat,light,electricity,energy,power,sugar,salt,rice,corn,powder,flour,sand,dust,dirt,

garbage,grass,hair,furniture,luggage,clothing,mail,equipment,food,meat,fruit,bread,toast,stone,iron,copper,chalk,paper,

glass,wood,money,poetry,jewelry,machinery,weaponry,personnel,scenery,happiness,kindness,honesty,friendship,attention,wi

sdom,success,courage,bravery,health,wealth,ignorance,trouble,ease,luck,laughter,love,peace,news,information,knowledge,

intelligence,fun,pleasure,entertainment,enjoyment,recreation,relaxation,progress,room,work,homework,population,percent,

mathematics,econmics,statistics,meteorology,anthropology,architecture,physics,photography,ethics,politics,mechanics,

genetics,geology,geography,chemistry,philosophy,biology,history,music,English,measles,mumps,diabetes,malaria,pediatrics,

obsterics

請(qǐng)?zhí)貏e注意其中以－s結(jié)尾的不可數(shù)名詞,大家平時(shí)應(yīng)該積累遇到的不可數(shù)名詞

!注意下列可數(shù)名詞!

poet poem essay newspaper machine weapon scene photograph photographer

英語中有許多名詞既可作可數(shù),又可作不可數(shù).如:hair作“人或動(dòng)物的毛”的時(shí)候是可數(shù)名詞,作頭發(fā)解釋時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞.判斷一個(gè)詞是否可數(shù),除了記憶以外, 主要看題中該名詞的修飾詞來決定.如：much只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞

4.單數(shù)形式和復(fù)數(shù)形式的詞義不同的名詞

英語中有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式的詞義不同于單數(shù)形式,如：

air(空氣)---air(氣派) arm(手臂)---arms(武器) ash(灰)---ashes(骨灰；廢墟)

authority(權(quán)利)---authorities(當(dāng)局) cloth(織物)---clothes(衣服) content(含量)---contents(目錄)

custom(習(xí)慣)---customs(海關(guān)；關(guān)稅) damage(損害)---damages(賠償金) force(力量)---forces(武裝部隊(duì))

glass(玻璃)---glasses(眼鏡) good(利益)---goods(貨物) green(綠色)---greens(青菜)

letter(字母)---letters(文學(xué)) manner(方式)---manners(舉止,儀態(tài)) minute(分鐘)---minutes(記錄)

pain(痛苦)---pains(勞苦) papaer(紙)---papers(文件) quarter(1/4)---quarter(宿舍)

spectacle(光景)---spectacles(眼鏡) spirit(精神)--- spirits(烈性酒) time(時(shí)間)---times(時(shí)代)

water(水)---waters(水域) wood(木頭)---woods(森林) work(工作)---works(工廠)

總結(jié)

1.單數(shù)名詞不能單獨(dú)存在,一般前面應(yīng)該有限定詞修飾.

2.不定冠詞a/an永遠(yuǎn)只能修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞.

3.every和each永遠(yuǎn)只能修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞.

但every+數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞是正確的,如：every ten years

4.序數(shù)詞后面一般使用單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞.

5.anther永遠(yuǎn)只修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞

但another+數(shù)詞/few+復(fù)數(shù)名詞是正確的,如：another eight years;another few books

6.other通常修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞,也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞.

但the other+is/was 單數(shù)名詞或any other+單數(shù)名詞是正確的,如

We have two girls in this team.One is Mary,the other is Alice.

Henry Smith is taller than any other student in his class.

7.下列詞和短語只能修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞

these,those,many,various,several,numerous,diverse,few,a few,both,a (good/large/great) number of,numbers of,one of

8.大于1的詞數(shù)只能修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞

!牢記的結(jié)構(gòu)：one/two/many+of+限定詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞!

9.只能修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞的詞：

one,anther,a/an,this,that,each,every,either,such a,many a

!注意!many student以及many a student

10.只能修飾復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞的詞：

>1的數(shù)字（two,six.),hundred,thousand,million,both,several,many,few,a few,these,those,a (good/large/great) number of

numbers of,the numberof,numbers of,numerous,various,diverse,a series of,a wide range of,a collevtion of

11.只修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞：

much,little,a litter,a great deal of,a great amount of,a piece of,an article of

12.既可修飾不可數(shù)又能修飾可數(shù)的詞：

all (of) a lot of some (of) lots of any (of)

plenty of most (of) half (of) a wealth of (a) part of

enough (of) the rest of other one third of such

no a variety of

4： finger(復(fù)數(shù)形式)

知識(shí)要點(diǎn)歸納：

fingers

vt.伸出；用手指撥弄

vi.用指觸摸；撥弄

5： TV的復(fù)數(shù)形式是什么?

知識(shí)要點(diǎn)歸納：

TV是“電視”沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式 .電視機(jī)是TV set,復(fù)數(shù)形式是TV sets.

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